Mobile application Essay Example for Free

Mobile application Essay The rapid growth of Web 2. 0 introduced a number of new design patterns and architectural styles in web development. One of the notable techniques involves the mashing up of information from existing services to deliver value-added new services. This process effectively includes the drawing of content from several sources in order to create a new content or service. The resulting web page Is finally referred to as mashup of the existing content. While mashup services bring flexibility and speed In delivering new valuable services to consumers, the legal Implications of his technology are significant. The term mashup originates In the music branch, especially from mixing songs or samples from two or more songs, lyrics or background music to produce a new soundtrack . ln case of the World Wide Web, mashups are websites, web pages, web services or applications which combine data, Information, music, geotracks from more than one source Into one application, service or website. This is generally achieved by using third party application programming interfaces (Apr s) or open technologies such as Ajax, PHP or syndicated eds like RSS or ATOM. Based on service composition in Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) concepts, mashups are flexible and dynamic services.. Web 2. 0 takes us to a deeply service-oriented world, where we can exploit everyday services such as news, instant messaging and blogging via our desktops, mobile phones, PDA, BlackBerry and soon. Most of the time people are not aware of the actions behind the scenes in terms of the massive network of service interactions. Such services occasionally seem as if they are re writing the existing services. In fact they are mart compositions (mashups) of the existing ones. Known as Web application hybrid this smart way of combining the content from more than one source into an integrated experience is called mash up technology. One of my favorite Mashup Websites is Neibex. com. Neibex. com is a neighborhood explore. sing this tool you can specify the country that you are situated in and then the City, the postal code and the radius you want your search to take into account. You can look up just anything: find local events, cars, Jobs, real estate, twits, classifieds, restaurants, stores, pa and beauty, theaters, banks, ATM, hotels, auto, household services, doctors, clinics, hospitals and health services, businesses and web resources. It stands as a quick and direct way to find an ything you might be looking for in your close vicinity. Nelbex Is a conjunction of several APIs. First we can observe the use of The Google Base API that makes it possible to get Items In and out of Google Base; a free service for submitting various content for Google to host and to make searchable online. The service allows content providers to upload structured data (Including Jobs, vehicles, recipes, events, products, reviews, and otheirs) to Google, surface It across Google search properties, and syndicate It Vla apls, gadgets and gadget ads. Next we see the use of the Google Maps API, which allows for the embedding of Google Maps onto web pages of outside developers, using a simple JavaScript Interface or a Flash Interface. It Is designed to work on both mobile devices as well as traditional desktop browser applications. The API includes language localization for over 50 languages, secure (HTTPS) connection by Google Maps API Premier customers. Furtheirmore ,Neibex takes the use of Yahoo Local Search APIs that give users access to a comprehensive database of information and content in Yahoo. Local ranging from business information, to user comments, to ratings. Data includes business address and phone, category, rating, distance, URL and traffic alerts. Yahoo Local makes a great addition to any mashup, bringing in location-based relevancy and the additional context of what real people have experienced in these places. Moreover we see the use of The Twitter micro-blogging service that includes two Restful APIs. The Twitter REST API methods allow developers to access core Twitter data. This includes update timeliness, status data, and user information. And the Search API methods give developers methods to interact with Twitter Search and trends data. Also Neibex. com with The Google Friend Connect API gives developers an easy way for one-click user authentication using any of Google, Yahoo, AIM, or Open ID accounts. Google Friend Connect APIs enable developers iintegrate social flows and data directly within a pages mark-up, via the Open Social standard pacification. Integrate existing login systems, registered users, and existing data with new social data and activities. Create social gadgets and services that are embeddable within millions of Friend Connect enabled sites. The main point is that every mashup website generally does not require programming skills and makes existing data more useful, for personal and professional use. There is a hug digit of mashup coming up every day, conjoining photos, videos, maps, social, music, and information. You Just have to explore your needs!

Analog Vs Digital Essay -- essays research papers

Digital PCS: The Future of Wireless Phone Service In the past few years the use of mobile phones has increased tremendously. At one time only available to the rich and elite business executives, the luxury of mobile phones can now be used by a wide group of people in different financial situations. Mobile phones are a necessary convenience. They provide instant communication access wherever mobile phone service is offered. There are two options for mobile phone service: analog, and digital PCS. Analog is the more expensive option and has long been the standard for mobile phone service. Digital PCS is the newest form of phone service. It works by converting human speech into software codes and converting them to audio signals before the codes reach the listener. Because it is software based it provides a perfect platform for a variety of advanced wireless features. Digital PCS is the future of mobile phone service and the soon to be de facto standard for wireless phone service.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People can choose digital PCS service for many reasons, though affordability might be the initial attraction. Because of competition by many companies price is always being driven down. Also, the many different customizable price plans offer an affordable package for any type of budget. Companies, which offer digital PCS service are always looking to lure new customers, and therefore are in constant review of their plans always trying to make sure they are treating their customers properly. This eventually leads to the best product for the customer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  If there is any drawback to digital PCS it is that the service is still fairly new. Digital PCS systems need to be laid from the ground up. They are physically hard-wired from community to community. While designing a system like this takes much longer, the outcome is worth it. Hard-wired systems provide for a stronger signal, and better connection. Because the implementation of the system takes long, it is difficult to spread digital PCS service quickly. But the service is expanding rapidly and soon, it will cover most of the country. Another drawback is that people cannot use Digital PCS phones in the more common analog environments. Much of the country is already equipped with analog services so it is better to purchase a dual band Digital PCS service phone that has analog s... ...;  Ã‚  Ã‚  Digital phones are the future. They provide services that analog mobile phones could never provide. From an engineering standpoint alone, phones using digital PCS are more advanced and capable of amazing applications. But it is the convenience that digital PCS phones provide which make them a better option for people who are on the move. From a system level, they are designed from the ground up, providing the best connection and signal performance. Digital PCS is software based thus providing better applications such as caller ID, voice mail, enhanced battery management, paging, and encryption systems. They save time by providing on demand information including alerting the owner immediately when a voice mail is received, and when the battery of the phone will expire. They are affordable in cost because many companies are in competition to provide the best service. This provides the customer with ample choices to evaluate. Digital PCS phone service is reliable, robus t and affordable. It allows a person to be able to be reached at all times. It is the future and the soon to be standard for wireless communications. Digital PCS, the future of mobile phones is here.

Compare and Contrast the Culture of Cahokia to the Anasazi Nation Apush Frq Essay

Anasazi and Cahokia Nation The political, economic, and social aspects of the lives of the Cahokia and Anasazi nations before the European exploration differed greatly, but there are some resemblances. They each have a separate cultures and traditions; separate ways they live their lives. Cahokia was the largest Native American settlement North of Mexico ever established before 1492, where they practiced mound-building and human sacrifice. The Anasazi are the ancestors of the modern day Pueblo people, who lived in cliff dwellings in the deserts of current day New Mexico. The political structure and type of governing within these two nations is unalike. The Cahokians had a ranked society, with upper and lower classes. The elite class controlled the workers of the lower class. Civic and religious leaders governed them. These leaders lived in wooden houses atop the flattened peaks of pyramids, and literally looked down on the people they ruled. The Anasazi were unbiased, without well-defined class limitations. They were divided into clans, and governed by the clan elders. The Cahokians and Anasazians may have cultural similarities, but their political structure is not one. The Cahokians had more economic advantages than the Anasazi, but both nations managed to thrive. Cahokia was a city of fifteen thousand people, and they were a rich city. Much of their prosperity was due to their frequent trading; they were the center of a trading network linked to a third of the continent. However, both the Cahokians and Anasazians were very resourceful. They both hunted and forged their own tools. The Cahokian’s were made of bones, while the Anasazi’s were made of wood or stone. Obviously, both nations were a creative breed. The Cahokians weaved baskets, usually from cornhusks, and most likely used them to transport food. Anasazi people made pottery, and used them to transport water. Cultivated crops and water were both readily available to the Cahokians, but not to the Anasazi. The location of both tribes led to economic differences. Social structure was more important to, and enforced by, Cahokia than the Anasazi. The Cahokians had the more important citizens separated from the  lower classes, but the Anasazi all lived together and were equal. The people of Cahokia lived in houses, and the Anasazi lived in pueblo communities. These pueblo communities were located on cliff sides, and made of clay. But even though their living situations were different, both cultures were friendly and close-knit. The Anasazi were all equal, but the Cahokians brought each other gifts and traded frequently. The social traditions of these two groups of people lack resemblance in the way they live, but as a community and forming lasting relationships, they share that characteristic. The political aspects of Cahokia and the Anasazi were at an extreme opposition. The economic situations were dissimilar, location is partly to blame, but both nations conquered obstacles and managed to blossom. Their social structure also differed, but the groups of people upheld strong relationships and friendships with the other members of the community. Although the Anasazi and Cahokia nations were considerably different, some similarities are acknowledged.

Who Was Andromache

Andromache is a mythological figure in Greek literature, including the Iliad and plays by Euripides, including one play named for her. Andromache was, in Greek legends, the wife of Hector, first-born son and heir apparent of King Priam of Troy and Priam’s wife, Hecuba.  She then became part of the spoils of war, one of the captive women of Troy, and was given to the son of Achilles. Marriages: HectorSon: Scamandrius, also called AstyanaxThree sons, including PergamusNeoptolemus, son of Achilles, king of Epirus, Helenus, a brother of Hector, king of Epirus Andromache in the Iliad Most of the story of Andromache is in Book 6 of the Iliad by Homer. In book 22 the wife of Hector is mentioned but is not named. Andromache’s husband Hector is one of the major characters in the Iliad, and in first mentions, Andromache functions as the loving wife, giving a sense of Hector’s loyalties and life outside of battle. Their marriage is also a contrast to that of Paris and Helen, being fully legitimate and a loving relationship. When the Greeks are gaining on the Trojans, and it’s clear that Hector must lead the attack to repel the Greeks, Andromache pleads with her husband at the gates. A maid holds their infant son, Astyanax, in her arms, and Andromache pleads for him on behalf of both herself and their child.  Hector explains that he must fight and that death will take him whenever it is his time.  Hector takes his son from the maid’s arms. When his helmet scares the infant, Hector takes it off. He prays to Zeus for his son’s glorious future as a chief and warrior.  The incident serves in the plot to show that, while Hector has affection for his family, he is willing to put his duty above staying with them.   The following battle is described as, essentially, a battle where first one god, then another, prevails. After several battles, Hector is killed by Achilles after killing Patroclus, Achilles’ companion.  Achilles treats the body of Hector dishonorably, and only reluctantly finally releases the body to Priam for a funeral (Book 24), with which the Iliad ends. Book 22 of the Iliad mentions Andromache (though not by name) preparing for the return of her husband. When she receives word of his death, Homer depicts her traditional emotional lamenting for her husband.   Brothers of Andromache in the Iliad In Book 17 of the Iliad, Homer mentions Podes, a brother of Andromache. Podes fought with the Trojans. Menelaus killed him. In Book 6 of the Iliad, Andromache is depicted as saying that her father and his seven sons were killed by Achilles in Cilician Thebe during the Trojan War.  (Achilles would also later kill Andromache’s husband, Hector.)  This would seem to be a contradiction unless Andromache had more than seven brothers. Andromache’s Parents Andromache was the daughter of Eà «tion, according to the Iliad. He was the king of Cilician Thebe.  Andromache’s mother, Eà «tion’s wife, is not named.  She was captured in the raid that killed Eà «tion and his seven sons, and after her release, she died in Troy at the instigation of the goddess Artemis. Chryseis Chryseis, a minor figure in the Iliad, is captured in the raid on Andromache’s family in Thebe and given to Agamemnon. Her father was a priest of Apollo, Chryses. When Agamemnon is forced to return her by Achilles, Agamemnon instead takes Briseis from Achilles, resulting in Achilles absenting himself from battle in protest.  She is known in some literature as Asynome or Cressida. Andromache in the Little Iliad This epic about the Trojan War survives only in thirty lines of the original, and a summary by a later writer. In this epic, Neoptolemus (also called Pyrrhus in Greek writings), the son of Achilles by Deidamia (a daughter of Lycomedes of Scyros), takes Andromache as a captive and slave and throws Astyanax — the heir apparent after the deaths of both Priam and Hector — from the walls of Troy. Making Andromache his concubine, Neoptolemus became king of Epirus. A son of Andromache and Neoptolemus was Molossus, an ancestor of Olympias, mother of Alexander the Great. Deidamia, the mother of Neoptolemus, was, according to the stories told by Greek writers, pregnant when Achilles left for the Trojan War.  Neoptolemus joined his father in the fighting later. Orestes, son of Clytemnestra and Agamemnon, killed Neoptolemus, angered when Menelaus first promised his daughter Hermione to Orestes, then gave her to Neoptolemus. Andromache in Euripides The story of Andromache after the fall of Troy is also the subject of plays by Euripides.  Euripides tells of the slaying of Hector by Achilles, and then the throwing of Astyanax from the walls of Troy. In the division of captive women, Andromache was given to Achilles’ son, Neoptolemus.  They went to Epirus where Neoptolemus became king and fathered three sons by Andromache.  Andromache and her first son escaped being killed by Neoptolemus’ wife, Hermione. Neoptolemus is killed at Delphi.  He left Andromache and Epirus to Hector’s brother Helenus who had accompanied them to Epirus, and she once again is the queen of Epirus. After the death of Helenus, Andromache and her son Pergamus left Epirus and went back to Asia Minor. There, Pergamus founded a town named after him, and Andromache died of old age. Other Literary Mentions of Andromache Classical period artworks depict the scene where Andromache and Hector part, she trying to persuade him to stay, holding their infant son, and he comforting her but turning to his duty — and death.  The scene has been a favorite in later periods, as well. Other mentions of Andromache are in Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, and Sappho. Pergamos, probably the city of Pergamus said to have been founded by Andromache’s son, is mentioned in Revelation 2:12 of the Christian scriptures. Andromache is a minor character in Shakespeare’s play, Troilus and Cressida. In the 17th century, Jean Racine, French playwright, wrote Andromaque.  She has been featured in a 1932 German opera and poetry. More recently, science fiction writer Marion Zimmer Bradley included her in â€Å"The Firebrand† as an Amazon.  Her character appears in the 1971 film The Trojan Women, played by Vanessa Redgrave, and the 2004 film Troy, played by Saffron Burrows.

Orientation of Counseling Theory - 4213 Words

Course number : PSYC601D Course title : Counseling Theory and Techniques I Instructor : Dr. Adrian Robert Wang Chi Tong Student name : Tong Lai Ping Rebecca Student number : MAPC080131 DECLARATION I declare that the assignment here submitted is original except for source material explicitly acknowledged, and that the same or related material has not been previously submitted for another course. I also acknowledge that I am aware of Institute policy and regulations on honestly in academic work, and of the disciplinary guidelines and procedures applicable to breaches of such policy and regulations. Rebecca Tong Lai Ping 18-11-2009 Counseling Theory and Technique I PSYC601D Term Paper My personal†¦show more content†¦Surely, person-centered theory has its contributions and strengths, but I need to accept also the theory has its weakness. In order to benefit the clients most, integration of some aspects of some other theories is a more realistic goal. Basic philosophy and key concepts According to person-centered therapy, the view of humans is positive; we have an inclination toward becoming fully functioning. In the context of the therapeutic relationship, the client experiences feelings that were previously denied to awareness. The client moves toward increased awareness, spontaneity, trust in self, and inner-directedness. I agree the basic philosophy of humans have an inclination towards becoming full functioning. My agreement base on both my belief and my personal experience. I am a Christian, I believe in the fact that humans are God’s creation and God has a distinct plan for each. According to the famous book The Purpose Driven Life Rick Warren wrote ‘before you were born, God planned this moment in your life†¦. God longs for you to discover the life he created you to live†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ Everyone needs to regain his or her awareness, and the counselor is the one to facilitate the process. I taught in a secondary school for quite a long time. A phenomenon I noticed was that all form one students behaved very well in the first three months. They were punctual, active and attentive in class, polite to both teachersShow MoreRelatedFinding Your Personal Theoretical Orientation921 Words   |  4 PagesHalbur and Halbur suggested that there are ten strategies to finding your personal theoretical orientation. They are as follows find yourself, articulate your values, survey your preferences, use your personality, capture yourself, let others inspire your learning, read original works, get real, study with a master, broaden your experiences. As a professional social worker, the main goal is to help a client in a positive and respectful manner. Unfortunately, client experiences and behaviors can makeRead MoreEssay about CCMH506 R2 Personality In Counseling Worksheet WK1819 Words   |  4 PagesPersonality in Counseling Worksheet Respond to the following questions in 100 to 175 words each. Use references and citations when appropriate. 1. What is the philosophy of the counseling profession? How has this changed over time? Why is this important to study? A. My practical view of the philosophy of the counseling profession is that each session is a journey of self-exploration by the client, meant to increase his/her level of self-understanding and self-awareness. B. The counseling professionRead MoreRationale Emotive Therapy Looks At The Causes Of Dysfunction1090 Words   |  5 Pagesand maladaptive behavior. Incorporating Ellis’s ABC model along with the Bowen Theory’s eight components can enhance the clients counseling session. I also believe that combining these two theories helps to bring balance of the cognitive and emotional components during the session. Specific Populations and Techniques Populations that are best suited for the Bowen Theory are families, adults who were abused as children, parent child issues, couple conflict, and family disorders. Individual issuesRead MoreThe Theory Of Human Nature1723 Words   |  7 Pageshave an awareness and understanding of the various theories that are available to use in counselling sessions. As my career evolves, so will my therapeutic orientation. I expect that my theoretical lens will shift slightly. In addition, developing my therapeutic orientation will help enhance my abilities as a therapist. My theoretical lens as it applies to human nature is discussed in this paper as it relates to the Marriage, Family, and Couple theory I selected. Also, discussed in this paper are techniquesRead MoreCouple/Family Theoretical Orientation. As A Future Marriage,1701 Words   |  7 PagesCouple/Family Theoretical Orientation As a future marriage, couple, and family counselor it is important for me to have an awareness and understanding of the various theories that are available to use in counselling sessions. As my career evolves, so will my therapeutic orientation. I expect that my theoretical lens will shift slightly. In addition, developing my therapeutic orientation will help enhance my abilities as a therapist. My theoretical lens as it applies to human nature is discussedRead MoreMental Health Counseling Essay example828 Words   |  4 PagesTheories play an important role in how a counselor serves their clients. Theories provide counselors with a foundation on which to build their counseling style. â€Å"Theories ground us as professional counselors. They provide a means to understand what we are doing, how we are serving clients, and how to explain counseling to clients† (Erford, 2010). Counselors are responsible for being aware of different theories in order to apply them appropriate ly within their practice. Established and new theoriesRead MoreCounseling Theory And Theory Of Counseling Essay1346 Words   |  6 PagesAs a counseling student, it is very important to formulate a counseling theory tailored to ones’ own personality and beliefs. A counselor may choose a single theory to model when practicing therapy or pick and choose components and techniques from various theories, otherwise known as eclecticism. No theory is considered right or wrong. Understanding the different therapeutic approaches are important to effective counseling, however, counselors must also understand their own personal value, view ofRead MoreReflection Of A Theoretical Orientation916 Words   |  4 PagesA theoretical orientation is the model used to describe a client’s behavior, tendencies and personality. Therapists can’t approach and find explanations of behavior or personality in the same manner due to the difference in client issues, diagnoses, and symptom s. Although different in nature each theoretical orientation consists of the general themes that can be seen and utilized universally. As a counselor, it is important to develop and have sense of which theoretical orientation works best forRead MoreDiversity Issues in Career Counseling Essay755 Words   |  4 PagesDiversity Issues in Career Counseling Abstract This paper will give a brief overview of how bias, assumptions and diversity can impact the career counseling relationship. The impact of values, bias, and the ability to move beyond barriers in the counseling relationship is essential to successful outcomes in working with clients. The rationale for the appropriateness of multicultural counseling competency and the impact of culture in the counseling process will be discussedRead More The Importance of Counseling Theories Essay590 Words   |  3 Pages It is imperative to study counseling theories when beginning field based work. Counseling theories provide a foundation to be able to learn and develop my own techniques. Some ideas that exemplify the significance of counseling theories are; research, application of theories, and case studies. Research To understand or create a theory, one must first have scientific support. The best way to comprise such support is research. Counseling theories give an extensive basis of data from research

Describe an object that is important to you and explain why

Describe an object that is important to you and explain why nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; My Kelty Redwing backpack is folded up in my closet. Cramped on a shelf next to a box of old textbooks and forgotten letters, my backpack, like me, would rather be elsewhere. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Gloomy New England is no place for an active pack such as mine. There, the packs buoyant purple, teal, and navy blue colors seem lost in shadow. Helpless, I do likewise, and watch my skin turn from a healthy tan to sickly white. We can hardly wait for the upcoming vacation. I take my pack to and from school with me. Holding up to 5600 cubic inches, my pack feels comfortable on my back even with sixty pounds of gear. nbsp;†¦show more content†¦nbsp; nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Winter vacation ends rapidly. Nylon straps get tangled, YKK zippers get stuck, and in resistance the Kelty seems to weigh more than usual, but I win the fight and return it to school as scheduled. Though a battle ensues in returning to school, departure from it is effortless. Stuffed to the brim, my Kelty finally migrates west at the end of the school season. nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Summer is definitely our favorite part of the year: little confinement, and every weekend off. A camping trip on the river, and we bask in the sun as our natural colors return. My backpack approves when loaded with riverside litter, since wilderness is best appreciated in its clean natural state. If I spot any imposing clear-cuts, by backpack will listen patiently while I rant. We hike in the mountains, and now I envy the pack since it gets to sit outdoors all night and observe its surroundings, while I breathe rapidly at the bottom of my sleeping bag trying not to freeze to death. On three-day trips well probably spend an afternoon on a ridge at thirteen thousand feet. We will lean against a slab of granite, listen to the wind whine, and watch the clouds fly by, both overhead and underneath us. Before descending I rummage through the pack once, hoping toShow MoreRelatedObject-oriented Programming and Systems Analysis Essay759 Words   |  4 Pagesrel iable computers 1970s: system development becomes more like an engineering discipline 1980s: major breakthrough with 4Gl, case tools, object oriented methods 1990s: focus on system integration, GUI applications, client/server platforms, Internet The new century: Web application development, wireless PDAs, component based applications 3. List and explain the different phases in the SDLC? Planning- An organization’s total information system needs are identified, analyzed, prioritized, andRead MoreThe Bouquet Of Flowers And The Frying Pan1170 Words   |  5 Pages The Bouquet of Flowers and the Frying Pan They are just simple inanimate objects, items, things, whatever we want to call them, but it is up to us for those objects to become animate, giving them attention and importance in our lives and we become dependent on those objects. 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One important idea they disagree on is their concepts on what is reality and what is truth. Plato’s theory is mostly based on his cave allegory where he explains human’s conditions. I will explain the similarities and differences between Plato and Nietzsche through the cave allegory. Starting from a base point, Plato and Nietzsche both state that thereRead MoreNewtons First Law698 Words   |  3 PagesHow does the equilibrium rule  relate to Newtons first law of motion? Newtons first law states an object in motion will remain in motion unless acted upon by an outside for and an object at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by an outside force. Either way the object will not have an acceleration   and since F=ma, and a=0 there must not be any forces acting on that object either with means the forces are in equilibrium. If an ice skater is moving forward at constant speed, the gravity forceRead MoreEssay on It244 Access Control652 Words   |  3 Pages1. 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The Most Important Features: †¢ This type of essay is focusing in descriptions on the senses, to provide vivid and specificRead MoreEssay on 8.3 the Sun Powers Earth`S Climate System837 Words   |  4 Pages8.3 The Sun Powers Earth`s Climate System Homework - Thursday 09/06/12 pg. 329 #1-6 1. Explain how the ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation. The ocean interacts with the Sun’s radiation by reflecting and absorbing the Sun’s radiation. I think the ocean absorbs the radiation because depending on the season the area by the mass of water is about 1 °C or 2 °C difference in temperature proving the ocean does absorb the Sun’s radiation. Although it absorbs heat I also thing the ocean hasRead MoreBsns106 Finance?1624 Words   |  7 Pages 1. What is the distinction between data and information? 2. Describe the four attributes of information quality: Timeliness, Location, Form and Validity. Lecture 3 1. What is business intelligence, and how does it differ from just having information? 2. 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Overcoming Barriers to Change Free Essays

The research aims to identify barriers that exist in education on the way to changing students’ learning environments in a positive way. The literature review has revealed that current practices often demonstrate new opportunities willingly embraced by teachers. However, in many cases, teachers are not as susceptible to practices that threaten to have negative effect on their customary routines, in particular exemplified by collaborative teaching. We will write a custom essay sample on Overcoming Barriers to Change or any similar topic only for you Order Now Using teacher survey, the study will determine to what degree such reluctance can stand in the way of the teaching innovation. Introduction Teaching collaboration is an idea that has gained prominence in contemporary educational establishments. Although at first a really unusual practice, collaboration in teaching has been shown to deliver great benefits. For educators themselves, â€Å"collegiality breaks the isolation of the classroom and brings career rewards and daily satisfactions† (Inger, 1993). It also helps beginners and experienced professional learn from each other for improved results and relieves young teachers of the trial-and-error process they are usually immersed in. bringing teachers closer together in a coherent effort, collaborative teaching helps foster cooperation and friendliness between teachers. Collaboration can also go beyond the level of a single school, helping extend new methods to other areas. At the same time, collaboration is not always compatible with school culture and practices and character of an individual teacher; hence come barriers to collaborative teaching. A teacher can be resistant to collaboration in general, being averse to any form of joint efforts in the same classroom. On the other hand, the teacher’s attitude can embrace collaboration between vocational and academic teachers or those coming from other schools. Therefore, the research problem is as follows: What obstacles do teachers most often face on the path of innovation in their school curriculum that involves collaborative teaching? The study will be focused on teacher perceptions and aim to find material so as to substantiate improvements in collaborative practices. Literature Review Collaboration can occur at any stage of the educational process. Teaching can engage in joint preparation of materials for the classroom sessions or engage in team teaching, or â€Å"organizational and instructional arrangement in which two or more teachers work in the same classroom† (Price et al, 2000-2001). Thus, in special education teachers can use a variety of models including the resource room, itinerant, and consultation models (Price et al, 2000-2001). In the process of realizing collaboration models, teachers face barriers that have been categorized by Welch and Sheridan (1995) into four main groups: conceptual barriers, pragmatic barriers, attitudinal barriers, and professional barriers. Conceptual barriers are caused by differences in the definition of roles by different educators, their difference in the processing of material, approaches etc. When teachers face challenges in working out the exact schedule or joining resources for joint effort, this is described as a pragmatic barrier. Attitudinal barriers are the result of fear to try a new approach. Professional barriers arise when teachers cannot cooperate on effective methods of problem solving, lacking adequate skills of working together as a team. Teachers can benefit from the administration’s effort to introduce additional measures so as to reduce the possibility of conflict among teachers. For this purpose, it is necessary to introduce concrete rules and procedures that will define the boundaries between their roles and help them establish working relationships. In case of team teaching, â€Å"the problem is getting a balance between enough specificity in prescribing roles so that a bureaucratic rule book is not created† (Price et al, 2000-2001). Most researchers believe that conflict is unavoidable, and therefore strategies for coping with it should be worked out by the administration in advance. A lot depends on the organizational culture as school culture can either stimulate or defy the efforts of teachers to work together. Peterson (2002) identifies two types of culture: cooperative and toxic. Within toxic cultures, individuals are striving to work together for common goals. As a result, teachers can reach effective collaboration more easily than in other organizations. In toxic cultures, on the contrary, individual effort is frustrated because of the lack of common framework. In addition, organizational resources can also be a barrier to innovation that should be represented in teaching communities. Many schools lack adequate programs that can accommodate the participation of two or more teachers. There are even fewer resources available for attracting outside professionals that can participate in collaborative projects. This can serve as a motivator for teachers to desire the continuation of the routines currently present in education. Cooperation between academic and vocational teachers can be prevented by the organizational design of the academic environment in which â€Å"the social and organizational isolation of most vocational teachers is exacerbated by the physical separation and programmatic fragmentation in secondary schools† (Inger, 1993). The difference in their social status further contributes to the rising walls between these two groups of professionals. Since academic teachers generally have a higher status, they tend to marginalize their vocational colleagues, a situation that discourages cooperation. How to cite Overcoming Barriers to Change, Papers